The questionable conduct of Christendom As the Middle Ages progressed, the church's stand against vernacular Bibles hardened. In 1199 Pope Innocent III wrote such a strong letter to the military efforts against the Muslims in the Middle East. These came to be called "Holy" Crusades, but there was nothing holy about them. The first termed the "people's Crusade" set the tone for what was to come. Before leaving Europe, an unruly army, inflamed by preachers, turned on the Jews in Germany, slaughtering them in one town after another. Why? Historian Hans Eberhard Mayer says: "The argument that the Jews, as the enemies of christ, deserved to be punished was merely a feeble attempt to conceal the real motive: greed. The Protestant rebellion in the 16th century dislodged Roman Catholicism from power in many European lands. One result was the 30 years war (1618-48) "one of the most terrible wars in European history", according to The Universal Histo...