Timing, luck or talent
What do an Italian communist student of mime, a toddler with an eye for a ball and a comedian who jokes about nothing have in common?
They all went on to become members of a very select global club.
Miuccia Prada, Tiger Woods and Jerry Seinfeld are among about 2,800 people on the planet who are US-dollar billionaires.
But the list of super-rich is very international.
According to the American media firm Forbes, which tracks the fortunes of the world's richest, the United States has 813 billionaires, China (including Hong Kong) is second with 473, and India is third with 200.
The size of these fortunes can be hard to comprehend. A billion is a huge number - to give an idea of scale, one million seconds is 11 days, but a billion is 32 years.
And for some, the very existence of billionaires is obscene.
Eighty-one of the world's richest people - about a bus-full - have more combined wealth than the poorest four billion people in the world.
In a 2023 report on inequality, Oxfam concluded: "Every billionaire is a policy mistake. The very existence of booming billionaires and record profits, while most people face austerity, rising poverty, and a cost-of-living crisis, is evidence of an economic system that fails to deliver for humanity.”
That inequality has led to calls in many countries for taxes on absolute wealth rather than income. In the US, Democratic Party Senator Elizabeth Warren proposed a 2% tax on assets over $50m (£39m) and 3% on assets over $1bn (£778m).
But others argue the prospect of great wealth inspires creation and innovation that improves the lives of millions of people.
American economist Michael Strain argues we need more billionaires, not fewer, and cites Nobel prize winner William Nordhaus who found that about 2% of the returns from technological innovation go to the founders and inventors - the rest goes to society.
Strain calls billionaires “largely self-made innovators who have changed the way we live”. He cites examples such as Bill Gates and Steve Ballmer who revolutionised personal computing, legendary investor Warren Buffett, Jeff Bezos who upended retail, and Elon Musk who disrupted the automotive industry and space commerce.
“None of them are ‘policy failures’,” he concludes. “Rather than wishing they did not exist, we should be thrilled that they do.”
Many billionaires also donate large sums to charity. Gates and Buffett developed “The Giving Pledge” - a commitment to give away over half one’s wealth over their lifetime.
Rapper, business mogul and billionaire Jay-Z, although not signed up to the pledge, offered this pithy defence of his wealth: “I can’t help the poor if I’m one of them. So I got rich and gave back. To me that’s the win-win.”
Billionaires don’t get rich in a vacuum. Their success also tells us something about ourselves.
It is hard to get very, very rich unless you are providing something that people either need, want or enjoy.
Whether it is the minimalist stylings of Prada, the Star Wars movies or TikTok, the billionaires we discuss on the podcast have changed the world to a greater or lesser degree - and the stories as to how they did it are compelling.
For example, the founders of Google tried to sell an early version of their search engine for $1m but there were no takers. Today Google is worth $2.3tn and cofounder Sergey Brin is personally worth $135bn – roughly the GDP of Morocco.
Maria Bianchi was a card-carrying communist in 1960s Italy studying mime at theatre school before she changed her name to Miuccia Prada.
India’s first self-made female billionaire, Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, started out brewing beer before she hit gender bias and tried pharmaceuticals instead, becoming Asia’s biggest producer of insulin.
Jerry Seinfeld’s parents were both orphans and his father never hugged him. Perhaps one of the reasons that he and Larry David had a rule for the characters in their smash hit comedy Seinfeld: “No hugging and no learning.”
The individual success of these billionaires also often tells a tale of wider historical, political or technological trends.
Tech entrepreneur Jack Ma, who co-founded the Alibaba group, was the beneficiary of two powerful and simultaneous forces - the birth of online retail and China’s rising economic power and mass affluence.
Chuck Feeney, the man who invented duty-free shopping (and gave his entire fortune away) rode a wave of outbound Japanese tourism after World War Two.